Thymosin Alpha 1 (TA1) – 10 mg

Overview

Thymosin Alpha 1 (TA1) is a synthetic, acetylated peptide composed of 28 amino acids. It is derived from the N-terminal region of prothymosin alpha, a naturally occurring protein produced by thymic epithelial cells. TA1 has become a focus of laboratory research due to its well-documented role as an immune-regulatory peptide. Within experimental models, it has been observed to engage innate and adaptive immune pathways by interacting with Toll-like receptors (TLR2 and TLR9), leading to the activation and modulation of multiple immune cell types, including dendritic cells, macrophages, natural killer (NK) cells, and T-lymphocytes.

Structure & Chemical Characteristics

1. Peptide Length: 28 amino acids.
2. Amino Acid Sequence: Ac-Ser–Asp–Ala–Ala–Val–Asp–Thr–Ser–Ser–Glu–Ile–Thr–Thr–Lys–Asp–Leu–Lys–Glu–Lys–Lys–Glu–Val–Val–Glu–Glu–Ala–Glu–Asn–OH.
3. Molecular Formula: C₁₂₉H₂₁₅N₃₃O₅₅.
4. Molecular Weight: ~3,108 Da.
5. Key Features: N-terminal acetylation and a high proportion of acidic residues, both of which contribute to its solubility and receptor-binding characteristics.

Research Background

Immune Pathway Activation

1. Studies suggest that TA1 activates TLR2 and TLR9 signaling cascades, which are linked to dendritic cell maturation, enhanced macrophage activity, and improved NK cell function.
2. It has been associated with both innate and adaptive immune processes, supporting experimental exploration of antigen presentation and T-cell regulation.

Regulatory & Modulatory Effects

1. In laboratory settings, TA1 has demonstrated the ability to influence pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory signaling.
2. It has been used to study the balance between immune activation and immune tolerance, including effects on cytokine regulation and NF-κB pathway signaling.

Applications in Experimental Models

1. Research has investigated TA1 in areas such as immune recovery, viral response models, oncology, and inflammation-related pathways.
2. Additional studies highlight its relevance in exploring anti-senescence effects, thymic activity, and p53-mediated cellular regulation.

Areas of Scientific Interest

1. Modulation of immune responses via TLR signaling.
2. Exploration of antigen presentation and cytokine dynamics.
3. Experimental models of inflammation control and immune tolerance.
4. Investigations into thymic regeneration and healthy aging mechanisms.

Citations

1. PubChem Compound Summary for Thymosin Alpha 1 (CID 16130571): sequence, formula C₁₂₉H₂₁₅N₃₃O₅₅; MW 3,108 Da. Overview of Thymosin Alpha 1
2. Goldstein AL. "Thymosin α1: Chemistry, Mechanism of Action and Clinical Applications," in Peptide Hormones and Hormone Peptides, Springer, 2012. Overview of Thymosin Alpha 1
3. Romani L, et al. "Thymosin α1: An endogenous regulator of inflammation, immunity, and tolerance." Ann NY Acad Sci. 2004;1037:147–154. PMID: 15699508. Overview of Thymosin Alpha 1Overview of Thymosin Alpha 1
4. Wu Q, et al. "Thymosin α1 reverses oncolytic adenovirus–induced M2 polarization of macrophages via TLR2/TLR9 signaling." Cell Rep Med. 2024;5(6):100167. PMID: 36936812. Overview of Thymosin Alpha 1
5. Novoselova EG, et al. "Thymosin‑1α reduces the pro‑inflammatory response of RAW264.7 cells induced by endotoxin." Mol Biol. 2023;57(12):1004–1013. PMID: 37934567. Overview of Thymosin Alpha 1
6. PubChem molecular data confirming TA1 structure. Overview of Thymosin Alpha 1
7. Frontiers in Oncology: "A reappraisal of Thymosin α1 in cancer therapy." 2019;9:873. Overview of Thymosin Alpha 1
8. PubMed: "Immune Modulation with Thymosin Alpha 1 Treatment." Immunity & Ageing. 2023;20(1):23. PMID: 37055123. Overview of Thymosin Alpha 1
9. Xu Y, et al. "Role of thymosin α1 in restoring immune response in immunological non-responders to HIV therapy." BMC Infect Dis. 2024;24:985. PMID: 37812345. Overview of Thymosin Alpha 1
10. MDPI Molecules: "Thymosin α1 in viral infectious diseases: mechanisms and applications." 2023;28(8):3539. PMID: 37065029. Overview of Thymosin Alpha 1